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Sample findings · a real audit

We audited a real lecture deck. Here's what EqualSense found.

“Introduction to statistics”, a 16-slide PowerPoint lecture by Ana Slavec (University of Primorska), shared under CC BY 4.0. The findings and fixes below are the audit's own output.

findings
23
criteria with findings
5
suggested fixes
13
Slide 13, titled "Exercise 2": a paragraph asking students to imagine counting the words "sustainable development" in 300 of 3,028 Slovenian newspaper articles, then four questions about the unit of analysis, the measurement scale, the sample and the population.

WCAG 2.2 Level AA report · Non-compliant

Unresolved findings in 5 criteria checked in full or in part (23 findings, of which 0 critical); 10 of 55 criteria checked in full; 45 partly or not checked.

What the audit found in the criteria it checked. It is not a compliance status or a conformance claim.

Passed, with no findings: 1.1.1 Non-text Content (the deck has no pictures, so there was nothing to check), 2.4.4 Link Purpose (In Context), 3.1.1 Language of Page, 3.2.3 Consistent Navigation, 3.2.4 Consistent Identification.

Four findings, up close

Slide 12, titled "Exercise 1": instructions to give possible values, whether each is continuous or discrete, and the measurement level for nine variables, from daily transactions on the Ljubljana Stock Exchange to agreement on a scale of 1 to 5.

A title that doesn't describe the slide

ModerateWCAG 2.4.2 Page Titled · Level ASlide 12

The slide title is generic and does not summarize the content of the slide.

Suggestion for the author

Update the slide title to clearly describe the exercise, for example, 'Exercise 1: Defining Variable Types and Measurement Levels'.

Slide 2, titled "Content" in light green: the lecture outline (what statistics is, data and information, units and variables, variable types, population and sample, types of statistical analysis, practice) beside recommended reading, Lane et al. 2003, pages 10 to 51.

Green titles below the contrast minimum

SeriousWCAG 1.4.3 Contrast (Minimum) · Level AASlide 2

Text #70AD47 on #FFFFFF is 2.71:1; it needs at least 3:1.

No automatic fix. The colours are the author's choice; the finding names the failing pair and the ratio it needs.
Slide 9, titled "Population and sample": definitions of a population and a sample, each with examples, such as all students at the University of Primorska in 2017/2018 and a random sample of 400 students, of whom 266 took part.

A language tag that doesn't match the presentation

ModerateWCAG 3.1.2 Language of Parts · Level AASlide 9

Slide 9 has text marked as sl-SI, not the presentation language (en-SI): "that were announced in media all trees in Triglav national Park on the week between the 1st and 15th of April 2018 (gro…" (sl-SI). If the words are in that language, the marking is correct; if they are not, the marking makes screen readers mispronounce them.

Slide 16, titled "Homework": an instruction to read a description of the Flash Eurobarometer study on small and medium enterprises, three numbered tasks, and the due date, 22 October 2024.

Homework steps outside the list

ModerateWCAG 1.3.1 Info and Relationships · Level ASlide 16

The homework instructions, though partially listed, contain distinct steps presented as paragraphs rather than list items.

Suggestion for the author

Convert the distinct instructions and the due date into separate list items to improve the semantic structure and readability of the homework assignment.

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Everything the audit found

23 findings in 5 criteria, in slide order.

Moderate1.3.1 Info and Relationships2 findings
  1. ModerateWCAG 1.3.1 Info and Relationships · Level ASlide 1

    Distinct pieces of information are presented as a single block of text instead of individual list items.

    Suggestion for the author

    Convert the distinct information items into a bulleted or numbered list for better semantic structure and accessibility.

  2. ModerateWCAG 1.3.1 Info and Relationships · Level ASlide 16

    The homework instructions, though partially listed, contain distinct steps presented as paragraphs rather than list items.

    Suggestion for the author

    Convert the distinct instructions and the due date into separate list items to improve the semantic structure and readability of the homework assignment.

Serious1.3.2 Meaningful Sequence7 findings
  1. SeriousWCAG 1.3.2 Meaningful Sequence · Level ASlide 1

    The slide title is duplicated in a content placeholder, causing redundant information for screen reader users.

    Suggestion for the author

    Remove the duplicate text from the content placeholder (shape 2) or ensure it serves a distinct purpose, to avoid repetition for assistive technologies.

  2. SeriousWCAG 1.3.2 Meaningful Sequence · Level ASlide 2

    The shape order in slide 2 differs from the visual (top-to-bottom, left-to-right) reading order. Screen readers may announce content in a confusing sequence.

    Suggested fix · applied after a reviewer approves it

    Reorder the slide's shapes to follow the visual reading order: top to bottom, then left to right.

  3. SeriousWCAG 1.3.2 Meaningful Sequence · Level ASlide 2

    The slide title is duplicated in a content placeholder, causing redundant information for screen reader users.

    Suggestion for the author

    Remove the duplicate text from the content placeholder (shape 2) or ensure it serves a distinct purpose, to avoid repetition for assistive technologies.

  4. SeriousWCAG 1.3.2 Meaningful Sequence · Level ASlide 3

    The slide title is duplicated in a content placeholder, causing redundant information for screen reader users.

    Suggestion for the author

    Remove the duplicate text from the content placeholder (shape 2) or ensure it serves a distinct purpose, to avoid repetition for assistive technologies.

  5. SeriousWCAG 1.3.2 Meaningful Sequence · Level ASlide 4

    The slide number appears before the main content, disrupting the logical reading order.

    Suggestion for the author

    Ensure the slide number is placed at the end of the slide's content in the reading order, or consistently placed outside the main content flow.

  6. SeriousWCAG 1.3.2 Meaningful Sequence · Level ASlide 5

    The slide title is duplicated in a content placeholder, causing redundant information for screen reader users.

    Suggestion for the author

    Remove the duplicate text from the content placeholder (shape 2) or ensure it serves a distinct purpose, to avoid repetition for assistive technologies.

  7. SeriousWCAG 1.3.2 Meaningful Sequence · Level ASlide 8

    The shape order in slide 8 differs from the visual (top-to-bottom, left-to-right) reading order. Screen readers may announce content in a confusing sequence.

    Suggested fix · applied after a reviewer approves it

    Reorder the slide's shapes to follow the visual reading order: top to bottom, then left to right.

Serious1.4.3 Contrast (Minimum)2 findings
  1. SeriousWCAG 1.4.3 Contrast (Minimum) · Level AASlide 1

    Text #70AD47 on #FFFFFF is 2.71:1; it needs at least 3:1.

    No automatic fix. The colours are the author's choice; the finding names the failing pair and the ratio it needs.
  2. SeriousWCAG 1.4.3 Contrast (Minimum) · Level AASlide 2

    Text #70AD47 on #FFFFFF is 2.71:1; it needs at least 3:1.

    No automatic fix. The colours are the author's choice; the finding names the failing pair and the ratio it needs.
Moderate2.4.2 Page Titled4 findings
  1. ModerateWCAG 2.4.2 Page Titled · Level ASlide 12

    The slide title is generic and does not summarize the content of the slide.

    Suggestion for the author

    Update the slide title to clearly describe the exercise, for example, 'Exercise 1: Defining Variable Types and Measurement Levels'.

  2. ModerateWCAG 2.4.2 Page Titled · Level ASlide 13

    The slide title is generic and does not summarize the content of the slide.

    Suggestion for the author

    Update the slide title to clearly describe the exercise, for example, 'Exercise 2: Identifying Unit, Variable, Sample, and Population'.

  3. ModerateWCAG 2.4.2 Page Titled · Level ASlide 14

    The slide title is generic and does not summarize the content of the slide.

    Suggestion for the author

    Update the slide title to clearly describe the exercise, for example, 'Exercise 3: Museum Visitor Study Analysis'.

  4. ModerateWCAG 2.4.2 Page Titled · Level ASlide 15

    The slide title is generic and does not summarize the content of the slide.

    Suggestion for the author

    Update the slide title to clearly describe the exercise, for example, 'Exercise 4: Defining Variable Measurement Levels'.

Moderate3.1.2 Language of Parts8 findings
  1. ModerateWCAG 3.1.2 Language of Parts · Level AASlide 1

    Slide 1 has text marked as sl-SI, not the presentation language (en-SI): "2" (sl-SI). If the words are in that language, the marking is correct; if they are not, the marking makes screen readers mispronounce them.

  2. ModerateWCAG 3.1.2 Language of Parts · Level AASlide 7

    Slide 7 has text marked as sl-SI, not the presentation language (en-SI): "occupation," (sl-SI). If the words are in that language, the marking is correct; if they are not, the marking makes screen readers mispronounce them.

  3. ModerateWCAG 3.1.2 Language of Parts · Level AASlide 8

    Slide 8 has text marked as sl-SI, not the presentation language (en-SI): "You can do/calculate Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio Frequency distribution Mode Order of values Median Mean Difference …" (sl-SI). If the words are in that language, the marking is correct; if they are not, the marking makes screen readers mispronounce them.

  4. ModerateWCAG 3.1.2 Language of Parts · Level AASlide 9

    Slide 9 has text marked as sl-SI, not the presentation language (en-SI): "that were announced in media all trees in Triglav national Park on the week between the 1st and 15th of April 2018 (gro…" (sl-SI). If the words are in that language, the marking is correct; if they are not, the marking makes screen readers mispronounce them.

  5. ModerateWCAG 3.1.2 Language of Parts · Level AASlide 11

    Slide 11 has text marked as sl-SI, not the presentation language (en-SI): "d" (sl-SI). If the words are in that language, the marking is correct; if they are not, the marking makes screen readers mispronounce them.

  6. ModerateWCAG 3.1.2 Language of Parts · Level AASlide 13

    Slide 13 has text marked as sl-SI, not the presentation language (en-SI): "there are (i.e. articles where the word appears at least once). Among them in which you count the number of appearances…" (sl-SI). If the words are in that language, the marking is correct; if they are not, the marking makes screen readers mispronounce them.

  7. ModerateWCAG 3.1.2 Language of Parts · Level AASlide 14

    Slide 14 has text marked as sl-SI, not the presentation language (en-SI): "Let‘s say that the had was every tenth visitor and that in 1.131have ed ." (sl-SI). If the words are in that language, the marking is correct; if they are not, the marking makes screen readers mispronounce them.

  8. ModerateWCAG 3.1.2 Language of Parts · Level AASlide 16

    Slide 16 has text marked as sl-SI, not the presentation language (en-SI): "Read the desription of the Flash Eurobarameter study on Small and Medium Enterprises, Resource Efficiency and Green Mar…" (sl-SI). If the words are in that language, the marking is correct; if they are not, the marking makes screen readers mispronounce them.

Document details

Document
PowerPoint (.pptx), 16 slides
Author
Ana Slavec, University of Primorska
Licence
CC BY 4.0
Audited
September 28, 2026, by EqualSense

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About this sample

“Introduction to statistics” by Ana Slavec (University of Primorska), published 2024-10-08 under CC BY 4.0 (opens in a new tab), doi: 10.5281/zenodo.13903417 (opens in a new tab). Slide images are EqualSense's renders of the unmodified deck.

The findings and suggested fixes are EqualSense's output for this deck, audited on September 28, 2026; internal shape references are shown as shape numbers and a suggested reordering is described in words. The author did not review this page, and no endorsement is implied.